Money+and+Campaigning

MONEY AND CAMPAIGNING



 -  Interest lobbies such as Common Cause and the National Committee for an Effective Congress spurned interest for campaign financing reform  -  As a result, Congress passed the Federal Election Campaign Act in 1974  - This was intended to tighten reporting requirements for contributions and limit overall expenditures  -  A bipartisan Federal Election Commission (FEC) was created to administer campaign finance laws and enforce compliance with the requirements - This act provided public financing for presidential primaries and general elections  -  Created the Presidential Election Campaign Fund  -  Required disclosures  -  Limited contributions
 * Campaign Regulations**

Source: textbook



//More regulations concerning campaign finance// - The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (McCain-Feingold Act) - This law amended the Federal Campaign Act of 1971 which dealt with regulating political campaigns. - Sponsored by Senators Russell Feingold (D-WI) and John McCain (R-AZ) - Came into effect on November 6, 2002 with the legal limits coming into effect on January 1, 2003 - This act was enacted for two important reasons - To address the issue of the increased role of soft money in campaign finance. It did so by prohibiting national political party committees from raising or spending funds not subject to federal limits (including for state and local elections) - Defined electioneering communications as broadcast ads that name a federal candidate within 30 days of a primary or caucus or 60 days of a general election, and prohibiting any such ad paid for by a corporation or paid for by an unincorporated entity using any corporate or union funds.

<span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; msoansilanguage: EN; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;"> -  <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007 <span style="color: black; font: 7pt Courier New; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; msoansilanguage: EN; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">- <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">It strengthens public disclosure requirements on lobbying activity and funding <span style="color: black; font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; msoansilanguage: EN; msofareastfontfamily: 'Courier New'; msolist: Ignore;">- <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Places restrictions on gifts for Congressmen and their cabinet - The E&J Compilation was written to accompany FEC regulations and are considered Congressional documents and Federal Register notices - Regulations that were never published because of withdrawal by the FEC or suspension by Congress or Supreme Court are listed in this compilation <span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; msoansilanguage: EN; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;"> -  <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">The full list of federal campaign finance laws can be found here ([]) <span style="color: black; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; msoansilanguage: EN; msobidifontfamily: Calibri; msolist: Ignore;"> -  <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">Litigation concerning the Federal Election Commission (FEC) - AKINS v. FEC <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">- A complaint filed by a group of voters asked the Federal Election Commission (FEC) to order the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) to make public the information that FECA demands of political committees. This request was ruled constitutional. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> - DAVIS v. FEC <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> <span style="color: #00004c; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">- Jack Davis, a wealthy Democratic candidate for Congress from New York’s 26th District argued that the Millionaire’s Amendment raises the contribution cap for individuals running against self-financed candidates, and therefore violated the First Amendment and the Equal Protection principle implicit in the Fifth Amendment. In a 5-4 ruling the Millionaire’s Amendment was ruled in violation of the First Amendment. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">

Source ([])

<span style="color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;">​527 Groups __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">527 Groups- Background __ <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">Source: textbook
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Loopholes for big contributors to give money to candidates after the soft money loopholes closed
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The name, 527, comes from section of the federal tax code that governs these groups
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">In 2004, the FEC did not make 527 groups subject to contribution limit restrictions, as long the message did not specifically support or oppose a candidate
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Big contributors switched from donating through soft money to donating through the 527 groups as a result of the lack of restrictions
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Examples of groups:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Swift Boat Veterans for the Truth: anti-Kerry group
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">MoveOn.org: anti-Bush group

__<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">GOP fight 527s: NY Times Article __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Source: New York Times
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Opposing the liberal organization, MoveOn.org, Republicans are trying to restrict 527 groups.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Two years after 527 groups rose in the government, Republicans adamantly tried to quell and limit the groups. The Republicans hope to achieve these restrictions through acts and progress in the House.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Republican Senator from Arizona, John McCain, and House majority leader, Representative John A. Boehner, Republican of Ohio oppose the 527 groups, while Representative Nancy Pelosi of California supports them.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">This issue was taken before Judge Emmet G. Sullivan who stated “that the Federal Election Commission had ‘failed to present a reasoned explanation’ for not requiring 527 groups to register as political committees.”
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Some have seen a decline in 527 activities, as more candidates are receiving support from independent organizations.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Many oppose the Republicans’ notion to limit 527 groups. For instance, Robert Bauer stated that "It is the Loch Ness monster in 527 form, rising out of the mist to eat them.” Bauer continues to remark that he opposes the 527 limitations proposed by Republicans.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">After the Federal Election Commission criticized 527 groups, many organizations have now looked to the 501c(4) tax code for different regulations on nonprofit groups. One main difference between these two groups is that 527 groups must disclose their donors, while 501c(4) groups do not have to reveal their donors.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Also, Representative Mike Pence, an Indiana Republican compared 527 groups to “…whack-a-mole, the carnival game where the player hits a mole with a hammer, only to have another pop up.”

[|"527 Low Road" by John Trever (The Albuquerque Journal)] []

​Presidential Election 2008 Campaign Spending

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sources of funding for Barack Obama: Count || || <span style="color: white; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: StateTotals; text-align: right;">Contribution $ Amount || || <span style="color: white; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: StateTotals; text-align: right;">Percent of Total || ||  **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Contributions From Political Action Committees ** <span style="color: #333333; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bookmark: PacTotals; msobookmark: PacTotals;"> Count || || <span style="color: white; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: PacTotals; text-align: right;">Contribution $ Amount || || <span style="color: white; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: PacTotals; text-align: right;">Percent of Total || || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Sources of funding for John McCain: Count |||| <span style="color: white; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">Contribution $ Amount || <span style="color: white; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">Percent of Total || Count || <span style="color: white; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">Contribution $ Amount || <span style="color: white; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">Percent of Total || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">[]
 * || || <span style="color: white; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: MoneySummary; text-align: right;">$ Dollar Amount || ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Cash on Hand ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bookmark: MoneySummary; msobookmark: MoneySummary;"> || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: MoneySummary; text-align: right;">$18,272,367 || ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Total Money Receipts ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bookmark: MoneySummary; msobookmark: MoneySummary;"> || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: MoneySummary; text-align: right;">$778,642,047 || ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Total Individual Contributions ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bookmark: MoneySummary; msobookmark: MoneySummary;"> || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: MoneySummary; text-align: right;">$664,865,671 || ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Total Disbursements ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bookmark: MoneySummary; msobookmark: MoneySummary;"> || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: MoneySummary; text-align: right;">$760,369,679 || ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Loans From Candidate ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bookmark: MoneySummary; msobookmark: MoneySummary;"> || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: MoneySummary; text-align: right;">$0 || ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Other Loans ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bookmark: MoneySummary; msobookmark: MoneySummary;"> || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: MoneySummary; text-align: right;">$0 || ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Candidate Loan Repayments ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bookmark: MoneySummary; msobookmark: MoneySummary;"> || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: MoneySummary; text-align: right;">$0 || ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Debts Owed By ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bookmark: MoneySummary; msobookmark: MoneySummary;"> || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: MoneySummary; text-align: right;">$434,954 || ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Refunds to Individuals ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bookmark: MoneySummary; msobookmark: MoneySummary;"> || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: MoneySummary; text-align: right;">$5,744,426 || ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Refunds to Committees ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bookmark: MoneySummary; msobookmark: MoneySummary;"> || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: MoneySummary; text-align: right;">$11,345 || ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Contributions from Other Political Committees ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bookmark: MoneySummary; msobookmark: MoneySummary;"> || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: MoneySummary; text-align: right;">$12,925 || ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Contributions from Party Committees ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bookmark: MoneySummary; msobookmark: MoneySummary;"> || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: MoneySummary; text-align: right;">$1,150 || ||
 * || || <span style="color: white; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: StateTotals; text-align: right;">Contribution
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|California] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">133,248 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$101,386,567 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">20.84% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|New York] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">81,156 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$66,718,208 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">13.71% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Illinois] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">49,243 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$35,234,422 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">7.24% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Massachusetts] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">35,858 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$27,543,392 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">5.66% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Florida] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">27,868 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$21,471,848 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">4.41% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Texas] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">29,254 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$20,253,682 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">4.16% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Maryland] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">27,748 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$19,042,941 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">3.91% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|District Of Columbia] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">23,855 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$17,658,976 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">3.63% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Virginia] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">25,703 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$15,365,673 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">3.16% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Washington] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">25,291 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$14,264,693 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">2.93% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Pennsylvania] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">20,810 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$13,927,383 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">2.86% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|New Jersey] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">19,082 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$13,747,548 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">2.83% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Connecticut] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">13,538 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$9,673,235 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1.99% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Colorado] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">15,556 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$9,518,216 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1.96% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Georgia] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">12,210 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$8,130,098 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1.67% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|North Carolina] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">12,651 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$7,147,818 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1.47% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Michigan] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">10,791 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$6,175,192 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1.27% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Ohio] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">10,591 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$5,928,737 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1.22% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Minnesota] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">8,965 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$5,863,849 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1.21% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Oregon] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">9,986 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$5,163,495 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1.06% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Missouri] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">6,961 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$4,534,074 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.93% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Arizona] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">8,349 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$4,137,403 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.85% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|New Mexico] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">6,082 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$3,897,159 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.80% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Wisconsin] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">7,272 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$3,854,470 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.79% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Tennessee] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">5,347 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$3,083,715 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.63% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Hawaii] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">3,698 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$2,841,771 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.58% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Indiana] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">4,840 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$2,724,174 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.56% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Kentucky] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">3,438 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$2,354,936 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.48% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Maine] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">3,190 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$2,265,939 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.47% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|New Hampshire] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">3,859 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$2,081,066 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.43% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Nevada] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">3,170 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$2,034,748 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.42% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Vermont] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">3,105 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$1,889,998 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.39% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|South Carolina] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">3,360 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$1,817,822 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.37% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Iowa] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">3,406 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$1,635,671 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.34% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Oklahoma] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">2,366 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$1,586,708 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.33% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Alabama] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">2,495 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$1,505,683 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.31% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Rhode Island] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">2,510 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$1,461,902 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.30% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Utah] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">2,430 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$1,377,020 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.28% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Louisiana] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">2,236 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$1,250,003 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.26% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Kansas] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">2,319 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$1,131,426 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.23% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Arkansas] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1,681 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$1,128,711 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.23% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Delaware] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1,496 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$924,085 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.19% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Wyoming] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1,050 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$843,326 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.17% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Montana] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1,709 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$810,770 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.17% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Alaska] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1,633 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$699,465 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.14% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Nebraska] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1,211 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$696,991 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.14% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Mississippi] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1,129 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$681,245 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.14% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Idaho] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1,298 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$633,764 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.13% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Puerto Rico] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">396 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$615,186 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.13% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|West Virginia] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1,133 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$573,746 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.12% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Virgin Islands] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">551 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$419,410 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.09% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|South Dakota] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">477 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$293,642 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.06% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|North Dakota] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">269 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$122,072 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.03% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Guam] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">41 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$21,350 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.00% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Northern Mariana Islands] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">6 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$3,550 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.00% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|American Samoa] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">2 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$500 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.00% ||
 * <span style="color: white; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bookmark: PacTotals; msobookmark: PacTotals;">Committee Interest Group Type || || <span style="color: white; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: PacTotals; text-align: right;">Contribution
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bookmark: PacTotals; msobookmark: PacTotals;">Corporation || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: PacTotals; text-align: right;">7 || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: PacTotals; text-align: right;">$6,250 || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: PacTotals; text-align: right;">5.83% || ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bookmark: PacTotals; msobookmark: PacTotals;">Labor || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: PacTotals; text-align: right;">23 || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: PacTotals; text-align: right;">$38,670 || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: PacTotals; text-align: right;">36.04% || ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bookmark: PacTotals; msobookmark: PacTotals;">Non-Connected || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: PacTotals; text-align: right;">5 || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: PacTotals; text-align: right;">$670 || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: PacTotals; text-align: right;">0.62% || ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bookmark: PacTotals; msobookmark: PacTotals;">Trade/Memership/Health || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: PacTotals; text-align: right;">21 || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: PacTotals; text-align: right;">$6,407 || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: PacTotals; text-align: right;">5.97% || ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bookmark: PacTotals; msobookmark: PacTotals;">Cooperative || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: PacTotals; text-align: right;">0 || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: PacTotals; text-align: right;">$0 || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: PacTotals; text-align: right;">0.00% || ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bookmark: PacTotals; msobookmark: PacTotals;">Corp.w/o Capital Stock || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: PacTotals; text-align: right;">2 || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: PacTotals; text-align: right;">$1,500 || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: PacTotals; text-align: right;">1.40% || ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bookmark: PacTotals; msobookmark: PacTotals;">Other || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: PacTotals; text-align: right;">83 || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: PacTotals; text-align: right;">$53,788 || || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; msobookmark: PacTotals; text-align: right;">50.14% || ||
 * <span style="color: white; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Category |||||| <span style="color: white; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">$ Dollar Amount ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Cash on Hand **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;"> |||||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">$26,377,838 ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Total Money Receipts **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;"> |||||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">$399,826,076 ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Total Individual Contributions **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;"> |||||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">$205,940,472 ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Total Disbursements **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;"> |||||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">$373,920,686 ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Loans From Candidate **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;"> |||||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">$0 ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Other Loans **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;"> |||||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">$20,998,577 ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Candidate Loan Repayments **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;"> |||||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">$0 ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Debts Owed By **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;"> |||||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">$1,603,972 ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Refunds to Individuals **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;"> |||||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">$7,163,591 ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Refunds to Committees **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;"> |||||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">$155,437 ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Contributions from Other Political Committees **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;"> |||||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">$1,559,613 ||
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Contributions from Party Committees **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;"> |||||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">$16,197 ||
 * <span style="color: white; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">State || <span style="color: white; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">Contribution
 * <span style="color: white; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">State || <span style="color: white; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">Contribution
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|California] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">40,528 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$44,423,084 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">13.92% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Texas] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">31,280 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$34,016,774 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">10.66% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Florida] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">24,911 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$30,569,323 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">9.58% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|New York] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">18,182 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$25,457,903 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">7.98% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Illinois] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">11,808 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$12,963,539 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">4.06% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Virginia] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">15,663 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$12,815,497 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">4.02% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Arizona] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">12,572 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$11,402,128 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">3.57% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Ohio] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">8,899 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$10,677,950 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">3.35% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Pennsylvania] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">10,290 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$10,111,049 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">3.17% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Colorado] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">6,939 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$8,667,920 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">2.72% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|New Jersey] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">8,743 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$8,471,176 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">2.65% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Michigan] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">7,050 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$8,051,999 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">2.52% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Georgia] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">8,888 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$7,422,973 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">2.33% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Connecticut] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">5,768 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$7,182,166 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">2.25% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Massachusetts] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">6,487 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$6,553,211 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">2.05% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Maryland] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">6,310 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$5,907,020 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1.85% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Washington] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">6,050 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$5,131,044 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1.61% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|North Carolina] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">6,290 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$4,988,533 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1.56% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Missouri] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">4,781 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$4,905,072 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1.54% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Tennessee] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">4,955 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$4,650,258 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1.46% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Louisiana] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">4,089 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$4,248,663 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1.33% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Nevada] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">2,772 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$4,081,851 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1.28% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Minnesota] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">4,169 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$3,543,281 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1.11% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Oklahoma] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">3,998 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$3,471,312 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1.09% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Wisconsin] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">3,856 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$3,157,122 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.99% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|District Of Columbia] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">2,945 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$3,146,521 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.99% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|South Carolina] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">4,401 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$3,052,560 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.96% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Indiana] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">3,477 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$2,655,541 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.83% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Alabama] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">3,538 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$2,565,111 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.80% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Mississippi] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">2,382 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$2,206,084 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.69% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Kentucky] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">2,525 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$2,161,608 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.68% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Kansas] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">2,563 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$1,963,891 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.62% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Oregon] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">2,566 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$1,866,655 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.58% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Utah] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1,457 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$1,723,290 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.54% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Arkansas] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1,876 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$1,550,301 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.49% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|New Mexico] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">2,002 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$1,485,707 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.47% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|New Hampshire] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1,629 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$1,173,789 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.37% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Nebraska] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1,198 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$1,113,482 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.35% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Iowa] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1,574 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$1,104,316 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.35% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Wyoming] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">999 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$1,033,180 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.32% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Idaho] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">918 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$679,233 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.21% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|South Dakota] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">614 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$574,583 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.18% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Alaska] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1,008 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$551,205 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.17% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Maine] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">879 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$545,082 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.17% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Hawaii] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">1,038 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$528,702 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.17% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Montana] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">894 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$496,015 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.16% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Delaware] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">637 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$469,983 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.15% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Rhode Island] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">685 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$445,209 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.14% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|West Virginia] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">765 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$419,277 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.13% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Vermont] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">439 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$318,404 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.10% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Puerto Rico] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">152 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$240,335 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.08% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|North Dakota] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">452 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$218,317 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.07% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Virgin Islands] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">28 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$111,941 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.04% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Guam] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">121 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$79,761 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.02% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt;">[|Northern Mariana Islands] || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">20 |||| <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">$16,466 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; text-align: right;">0.01% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Contributions From Political Action Committees **<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial Black','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">
 * <span style="color: white; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Committee Interest Group Type || <span style="color: white; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">Contribution
 * <span style="color: white; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Committee Interest Group Type || <span style="color: white; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7.5pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">Contribution
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Corporation || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">273 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">$720,000 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">48.01% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Labor || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">3 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">$12,500 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">0.83% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Non-Connected || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">37 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">$70,340 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">4.69% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Trade/Memership/Health || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">68 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">$157,281 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">10.49% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Cooperative || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">1 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">$1,000 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">0.07% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Corp.w/o Capital Stock || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">4 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">$6,300 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">0.42% ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;">Other || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">249 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">$532,328 || <span style="color: black; display: block; font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: right;">35.49% ||

General Costs of a Presidential Campaign An average day of campaigning can run to $100,000. Candidate committees, national party committees, multicandidate committees and PACs can and do spend large amounts that don't go directly to the candidates themselves. Corporations and unions can pay for radio and TV commercials that support a candidate and run more than 60 days before a general election. During the 60-day period they can only support a candidate indirectly, through commercials or other advertising on an issue associated with the candidate that is important to the group. President Bush’s campaign costs as of September 30, 2003: [] Election outcomes are highly related to the major-party candidates' campaign spending ratios, and increases in spending ratios produce significant increases in the candidate's probability of winning. The payoff to high levels of spending explains why it's so attractive for candidates to outspend their opponents by large margins. []
 * $12,000 to $15,000 in salary per month for an experienced campaign manager
 * $50,000 for a direct mail fundraising letter to 100,000 people you hope will donate to the campaign
 * $525,000 to run a week's worth of TV commercials in New York
 * $600,000 to run a telephone bank with operators making two million calls
 * Printing and mailing: $4,793,064
 * Payroll: $1,867,458
 * Fundraising events: $1,510,659
 * Political consultants, polling and media: $1,161,976
 * Other consultants: $499,468
 * Travel: $619,608
 * Administrative equipment and other operating costs: $3,862,298
 * TOTAL: $14.3 million

The 2008 Election Source: Opensecrets.org Source: The National Journal ( [] )
 * The 2008 Election was the most expensive yet.
 * John McCain: raised $386,093,764 and spent $333,375,676
 * During the General Election, John McCain opted into the public funding option, which restricted him to an $84 million spending limit.
 * The majority of the contributions he received were from individuals (54%), with 23% from federal funding and other sources.
 * Barack Obama: raised $744,985,624 and spent $730,519,581
 * Obama began his campaign by relying equally on large and small donors. He also received a huge amount of donations via the Internet. When he became a candidate, he turned down public financing. This meant he did not have a campaign spending limit. With this decision, Barack Obama became the first major-party candidate to decline taxpayer money for the election.
 * The amount of soft money spending by outside groups such as 527 groups and non-profit 501 advocacy organizations was down to $400 in the 2008 election, as opposed to $486 in the 2004 election.

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidilanguage: AR-SA; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-US;"> []

Political Action Committees (PAC) __ Overview: __

<span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">· <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> An organization funded by a corporation, union, or interest group that gives money to endorse candidates or support a campaign <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msobidilanguage: AR-SA; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msofareastlanguage: EN-US; msolist: Ignore;">·<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Created after the 1974 campaign finance reforms <span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Money is given to candidates who support the PAC’s goals or issues · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidilanguage: AR-SA; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-US;"> They raise money through stockholders or other people interested in the cause <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">All donations have to be registered with the FEC <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Symbiotic Relationship- candidates want money and PAC’s want to garner favors <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidilanguage: AR-SA; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-US;"> Downside: Some believe that this is simply a way to buy votes <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidilanguage: AR-SA; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-US;"> This doesn’t always happen, but there are a few notable cases where it can’t be denied <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidilanguage: AR-SA; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-US;"> These affect House and Senate candidates more than Presidential candidates <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> (Source: Textbook)

__ Large PAC’s: __ Operating Engineers Union International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers AT&T Inc. Honeywell International National Beer Wholesalers Association National Community Pharmacists Association American Association for Justice American Bankers Association Machinists/Aerospace Workers Union Boeing Company Lockheed Martin (Source: Opensecrets.org)

__ Limitations: __ There are limits to the amount of money PAC’s can spend <span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">· <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> $5,000 per election <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; msoansilanguage: EN-US; msobidilanguage: AR-SA; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastlanguage: EN-US;"> $15,000 per political party (Source: Textbook)

[]

Money and Campaigning in Local and State Elections -  Candidates need money in order to: o  <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Build a campaign organization o  <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Get their message out to voters -  Campaign money is a large factor in determining who runs for office and also who wins the election -  Usually the candidate that has the most campaign money, wins the election (Source: []) -  For local elections: o  <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Every city and county has a 3 member electoral board o  <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">This board performs certain duties during an election <span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Prepares ballots, maintains voting equipment, and certifies the results of the election. -  Every four years, the American people spend over $2 billion on national, state, and local elections -  Money in state politics plays a pivotal role in shaping public policy in individual states (Source: Virginia State Board of Elections [])

The chart below shows the total dollars for all candidates and committees for each state: (Source: www.followthemoney.org)
 * State || Total Dollars for all Candidates and Committees  ||
 * __ Alabama __ || $15,812,058 ||
 * __ Alaska __ || $17,495,549 ||
 * __ Arizona __ || $57,165,950 ||
 * __ Arkansas __ || $13,994,604 ||
 * __ California __ || $702,283,685 ||
 * __ Colorado __ || $84,675,730 ||
 * __ Connecticut __ || $12,518,135 ||
 * __ Delaware __ || $14,691,445 ||
 * __ Florida __ || $112,511,307 ||
 * __ Georgia __ || $32,740,088 ||
 * __ Hawaii __ || $6,380,093 ||
 * __ Idaho __ || $5,563,062 ||
 * __ Illinois __ || $110,567,802 ||
 * __ Indiana __ || $80,686,700 ||
 * __ Iowa __ || $37,567,819 ||
 * __ Kansas __ || $14,811,479 ||
 * __ Kentucky __ || $17,893,570 ||
 * __ Louisiana __ || $6,075,991 ||
 * __ Maine __ || $16,437,525 ||
 * __ Maryland __ || $23,428,758 ||
 * __ Massachusetts __ || $48,889,336 ||
 * __ Michigan __ || $54,483,692 ||
 * __ Minnesota __ || $30,559,629 ||
 * __ Mississippi __ || $2,976,446 ||
 * __ Missouri __ || $108,910,996 ||
 * __ Montana __ || $14,349,359 ||
 * __ Nebraska __ || $7,490,355 ||
 * __ Nevada __ || $25,041,433 ||
 * __ New Hampshire __ || $8,237,371 ||
 * __ New Mexico __ || $14,560,212 ||
 * __ New York __ || $126,993,258 ||
 * __ North Carolina __ || $98,647,729 ||
 * __ North Dakota __ || $7,998,707 ||
 * __ Ohio __ || $193,642,550 ||
 * __ Oklahoma __ || $24,879,443 ||
 * __ Oregon __ || $55,395,398 ||
 * __ Pennsylvania __ || $133,020,825 ||
 * __ Rhode Island __ || $7,264,463 ||
 * __ South Carolina __ || $29,887,197 ||
 * __ South Dakota __ || $13,175,398 ||
 * __ Tennessee __ || $23,073,488 ||
 * __ Texas __ || $146,305,050 ||
 * __ Utah __ || $12,534,258 ||
 * __ Vermont __ || $4,076,260 ||
 * __ Washington __ || $79,961,890 ||
 * __ West Virginia __ || $14,849,282 ||
 * __ Wisconsin __ || $23,043,774 ||
 * __ Wyoming __ || $1,299,469 ||
 * Total || $2,694,848,618  ||

=<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Recent Trends in PACs and Campaign Finance = Sources: Government in America, 13th Edition and "Does Money Buy Elections?" by Daniel Weeks and published by Americans for Campaign Reform, January 2008. Sources of Political Cartoons: [] []
 * PACs
 * PACs have become increasingly involved in political campaigns in recent years
 * <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; msofareastfontfamily: 'Times New Roman'; msolist: Ignore;"> Before 1974, the only corporations and unions donated money to candidates, although they were technically prohibited by law
 * Reforms in 1974 allowed any interest group to create a PAC and donate $5,000 to a candidate
 * There were 4,216 PACs active in 2006, overall contributing $288.6 million to Congressional candidates, a steady increase since 1974
 * Increasing Costs
 * House candidates frequently spend over $1 million and Senate candidates spend that much on TV time alone
 * PACs fill a fundraising need for candidates that are not independently wealthy
 * People are worried that PACs are buying votes
 * Evidenced by the National Association of Automobile Dealers killing an FTC regulation that would have required them to put all known automobile part defects on the cars’ stickers by donating to many Congressional incumbents
 * 186 of 216 people voting to kill the bill had received NAAD donations
 * People also question the effectiveness of PAC money
 * Majority of PACs give money to the candidates that agree with their views anyway
 * Does it make sense to donate to someone who would have voted the same way had you not donated?
 * High cost of campaigning will continue to keep PACs around
 * Does money really buy votes?
 * Recent analysis by Americans for Campaign Reform has questioned whether or not money buys votes
 * Since 1993, the amount of money spent on House campaigns was $1.3 billion with candidates spending an average of $1.4 million
 * The number of successful challengers has dropped significantly in recent years
 * Out of about 400 incumbents, only about 5-20 lose to challengers
 * Yet both challengers and incumbents are spending more money than ever
 * Let’s address incumbents first:
 * Incumbents have a distinct advantage in several areas:
 * Free mailings through Congressional mail system
 * Government (tax payer) funded transportation
 * Able to pull strings to get special things for their districts
 * Name recognition
 * All of these things add up to several hundred thousand dollars in spending
 * Now for challengers:
 * Need to generate name recognition, a large portion of campaign spending
 * Trends show that challengers need to raise around $1 million to compete with incumbents
 * After this, raising additional funds does not increase the challenger’s chances
 * Trends:
 * The main trend in campaign financing is getting to a certain threshold to be competitive
 * At this threshold, it does not matter whether more money is raised or not, as long as the competitor reaches the threshold for his group (incumbent or challenger)
 * Incumbents can easily win with a threshold of about $500,000 due to the hundreds of thousands of dollars in freebies they get from the government
 * Challengers need to raise at least $1 million to have a realistic chance at winning
 * Challengers are currently less likely to run due to the high costs of running a campaign and are intimidated by the vast resources of incumbents
 * Solutions to increased campaign costs
 * Leveling the playing field?
 * The use of public funds to pay for campaigns has been a popular topic to bandy when discussing campaign reform
 * Is it the answer?
 * NO
 * Why?
 * Politicians would never agree to public funding because many of them already have a large monetary advantage with PACs
 * It may actually hurt challengers that need more money than incumbents in order to overcome the name recognition barrier